从语用角度分析《纸牌屋》中的冲突性语言_英语论文

A Pragmatic Analysis On Conflict Talk In House Of Cards

摘要

在人际交往中，冲突性话语是一种普遍存在的社会文化现象。当话语者因面对着观点不同、利益不同或者想表现出自己特有身份的情景时，往往会产生威胁到其他话语者面子的冲突性语言，从而产生消极效应。本文将以语用学中礼貌原则与合作原作为主要理论工具，在以美剧《纸牌屋》作为主要语料来源的基础上，着重分析政治领域中的冲突性话语。内容主要表现为冲突性话语产生的多方面原因、威胁面子的虚假礼貌性表达、为突显身份而违背了合作原则的表述以及缓和冲突的一些策略等。政客由于其独特身份和面临的特殊情景，其话语措辞和表达方式都体现着谨慎性，并且其会话里时刻隐藏着言外含义。因此，分析政客的冲突性话语，在一定程度上，可以帮助人们在日常交际中更得体地表达一些不满情绪，或避免甚至化解冲突，从而维护良好的交际关系并保持愉快的心态。   

关键词：冲突性话语；会话含义；礼貌原则；合作原则；缓和策略   

Abstract    

Conflict talk is a sort of ubiquitous social-cultural phenomenon in the process of interpersonal interactions. When the speakers and the hearers face the situations where they hold different views or have different interests, and even they want to show off their positions, conflict talk will emerge to threaten participants’ faces and to cause the negative effects. With the base on data collected from American TV series--House of Cards, this paper will study the conflict talk in the field of political language from view of Politeness Principle and Cooperative Principle. The contents mainly comprise the multiple reasons of conflict talk, false polite expressions of face-threatening, illustration of violating Cooperative Principle to show off identities and mitigating strategies of conflicts. Politicians’ diction and the ways to express emotions embody cautions which are frequently reflected by conversational implicature because of their special positions and some specific situations. Hence, analysis on conflict talk made by politicians can help people understand the meanings of the speakers more comprehensively, express negative emotions more appropriately and decently and avoid conflicts to maintain a great relationships and keep in a good mood.

Key Words: conflict talk; conversational implicature; Politeness Principle; Cooperative Principle; mitigating strategies

Contents

Acknowledgments

Abstract (Chinese) ii

Abstract (English) iii

Introduction 1

Chapter one Literature Review 2

1.1 Definition of Conflict Talk and Pragmatics 2

1.2 Previous Studies on Conflict Talk 3

Chapter Two Theoretical Instrument 4

2.1 Conversational Implicature 4

2.2 Cooperative Principle 5

2.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle 5

Chapter Three Methodology of the Research 6

3.1 Research Questions 6

3.2 Data Collection 7

Chapter Four Pragmatic Analysis on the Conflict Talk in the House of Cards 7

4.1 Violation against CP 7

4.1.1 Violation against Quality Maxim 7

4.1.2 Violation against Quantity Maxim 8

4.1.3 Violation against Relation Maxim 9

4.1.4 Violation against Manner Maxim 10

4.2 Violation against PP 10

4.2.1 Violation against Tact Maxim and Generosity Maxim 10

4.2.2 Violation against Approbation Maxim and Modesty Maxim 11

4.2.3 Violation against Agreement Maxim 12

4.2.4 Violation against Sympathy Maxim 13

Chapter Five Relevant mitigating strategies 14

5.1 Turn-taking Strategy 14

5.2 False Politeness Strategy 15

5.3 Concession Strategy 16

Conclusion 17

Bibliography 19