中西方价值取向分析：基于中国上古神话诸神和希腊神话主神的比较研究

Differences of Value Orientation between China and the Western World: Comparing Gods and Deities in Chinese Ancient Mythology and Greek Mythology

摘要

在世界现存的多类别神话故事中，如印度神话、北欧神话、古罗马神话、古希腊神话、亚洲神话等等，古希腊神话是西方世界影响力最大、体系做完整的一个。希腊神话以其丰富的内容和鲜活的人物形象吸引着学者为之研究和读者为之阅读；而中国上古神话起步于中国社会发展的最初阶段，未受到后来传入的佛教和基督教等的影响，完全体现了中国先民对宇宙和客观世界的想法和认识，其趣味性和创造性的解读也体现了东方人民的思维特点和价值取向。

然而就我所查阅的现阶段中西方相关于“对比研究中国和希腊神话”的研究相对两个文化的其他方面的研究还较少，所以本论文从这个角度出发，分析研究中国神话和希腊神话的区别，进一步归纳出两种神话所代表的中国社会和西方社会人们价值观念的差异，希望能为读者在加深了解这两个文化时提供参考，并为读者在处理跨文化交际事务时提供帮助。

通过对比分析二者神话中神和英雄的所作所为，本论文将从四个方面分析中西方人民的民族精神和价值取向方面的差异，即神性和人性、集体主义和个人主义、尚德和尚力以及性严谨和性开放这四个方面。论文以卡尔·马克思关于民族精神的阐述，即“民族精神反映在民族意识、民族文化、民族风俗、民族性格、民族信仰、民族宗教、民族价值观和价值追求等共同特质”为思考依据，从分析人物意识、性格、信仰、价值追求等方面着手，最终分析得出结论：中国的神偏神性而西方的神偏人性，中国的神偏于重视集体利益而西方的神偏于重视个人利益，中国的神偏于重德而西方的神偏于重力，中国的神对性严谨，西方的神对性开放。相同的，中西方人民也和他们所崇拜的神一样在这些方面有所不同。

关键词：希腊神话、中国上古神话、民族精神、价值取向、差异

Abstract
Among the world’s different branches of mythologies such as the Indian Mythology, the Norse Mythology, the Roman Mythology, the Greek Mythology, the Chinese Mythology, and etc., the Greek Mythology is the most outstanding one. As the most integrated one in system, Greek Mythology has been the main object to be studied by scholars due to its rich contents and its vivid characters. In China, the most untouched mythology which was not influenced by religions that were introduced into China such as Buddhism and Christianism to the largest degree, CAM which started at the beginning of Chinese society can truly reflects Chinese ancient ancestors’ original understanding and interpretation of the world together with their pattern of thought.
However, from the current existing researches that I have been searching for, it’s shocking to find that there is an inadequate study in this area, not to say the comparison between Greek Mythology and CAM. Therefore, this paper aims at researching the differences between Greek Mythology and CAM by comparing and analyzing gods, deities and heroes from the two branches of mythologies, which then leads to a further degree of thought: the differences of value orientation between China and the Western World the two mythology branches stand for.
After a brief review of the current studies of these two kinds of mythologies from Western World and China, the paper then will concentrate on the detail analyses of the main differences of value orientation between these two cultures by giving adequate examples from mythologies. And this main body of the paper is developed into four parts which contribute to the final conclusion that distinct differences of value orientation lie in divinity and humanity, collectivism and individualism, worship to morality and to ability together with sexual loyalty and openness. The paper ends with the conclusion of the above findings and the proposal that people should have a better understanding of value orientation when dealing with affairs in intercultural environment.
Key words: Greek Mythology, Chinese Ancient Mythology, ethos, value orientation, differences and distinctions