摘要

格莱斯提出的会话含义和合作原则给语言事实提供了重要的语言功能解释，他试图根据语境去研究话语的真正含义，让人们懂得语言与其使用者之间的各种关系。但在很多情况下，合作原则不是不能违反的，相反在某些特定的情境中对于合作原则的违反是为了让对话更好地进行下去。因此由于对合作原则的违反我们所说的话传达的意思并非只有字面意思，还有很多暗含的含义。本文以格莱斯理论为基础，选用生活中比较典型的实例来分析4个准则。本文分为两部分：第一部分介绍了格莱斯的合作原则和会话含义；第二部分分析违反合作原则的一些例子。本文旨在分析违反合作原则产生的现象。

关键词：会话含义；合作原则；违反合作原则

ABSTRACT

Grice put forward the Cooperative Principle and Conversation Implicature. He tries to research the real meaning of the words according to the context, letting the people know the relationship between the language and its users. But in many situations CP can be flouted. In order to make the conversation more fluent, people may flout the CP in some special contexts. So the words that people say have not only literal meaning, but a lot of implied meaning. This paper is based on Grice’s theory, then analyses some cases by using the four maxims. This paper can be divided into two parts: the first part introduces Grice’s Cooperative Principle and the theory of Conversation Implicature, and the second part is an analysis of flouting the Cooperative Principle. This paper is mainly to explain the phenomenon of flouting the Cooperative Principle in daily conversations.

Key words:  Cooperative Principle; Conversation Implicature; flouting the CP

1．Introduction
1.1 General Descriptive
Language is a symbol system used for human communication. It’s a powerful tool of human cognition. Daily communication is very common in our life and we know words can carry information. Different words have different effects, even if the same words in different conditions can have different effects. In many situations the words we say not only have literal meaning, but a lot of implied meaning. With the development of the society, a lot of linguists put forward many principles of the conversation. Among these principles the Cooperative Principle, put forward by Grice, is one of the most famous and also the widely accepted ones. The American linguistic philosopher H.P Grice was invited to give the William James Lectures at Harvard University in 1967, and it was there that he first outlined that in order to ensure the smooth progress of the conversation, the speaker and the hearer must abide by some basic principles, which he called Cooperative Principle (CP for short). However, we can find that we are not always following this principle in our daily life. In some special contexts, for certain reasons or special purposes, a participant in a conversation may flout one or more of the maxims intentionally, which could result in what Grice calls “conversational implicature”, which he first put forward in Logic and Conversation.