摘要

《德伯家的苔丝》充满了悲观主义思想。托马斯•哈代对资本主义文明给英国农村毁灭性的打击上非常悲观，他认为有一种神秘的力量操控着一切包括人类的命运，并且这种力量是人类悲剧的源泉。这种态度使哈代成为一名现实主义作家,同时哈代表现出的悲观主义也隐隐透露出希望和乐观。本文探讨了悲观主义在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现以及哈代悲观主义的两重性。

关键词：托马斯•哈代，《德伯家的苔丝》，悲观主义

Abstract

     Tess of the d’Urbervilles is filled with the idea of pessimism. Thomas Hardy held a pessimistic idea toward the capitalistic civilization’s destruction of British country. He thought there was a mysterious force that controlled everything and manipulated the destiny of people, and it was the root of human’s tragedy. This idea made him convert from a negative and ivory-towered idyllist to a great realist, and at the same time, his novel also reveals the spirit of hope and optimism that we should learn. So this paper aims to focus on the manifestation and reasons of his pessimism in Tess and the duality of his pessimism in it.

Key words: Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, pessimism

1. Introduction
1.1 About the writer
Thomas Hardy was a great English novelist and poet in 19th century, born on June 2, 1840. He was a writer during two centuries, major in novels in the early and middle of his life. He succeeded the Victorian tradition and opened up the literature of the 20th century by his poem in later years.
    Thomas Hardy’s hometown is in the southwest of England. People of this district mainly made a living by farming. There was almost no industry, which was same with the background of his novels. In 1856, Hardy met the famous linguist and poet, Horace Moule. Affected by him, he started to study literature, philosophy and theology. Due to his staying in this farming district for many years, he was very familiar with the farmers’ life, personality, custom and language, which made his novels much lively and authentic. Besides, he didn’t like the class divisions of cities compared with the nature.